Likewise his saying, “I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of God,” which is that when he testified to monotheism through what the evidence gave him, he testified to it with knowledge, not on the path of closeness, because a person, from his intellect, does not know that uttering this, and that looking to know that brings him closer to God, but his portion is to know that his soul is honored. In the capacity of knowledge for those who are ignorant of it, and declaring it with all evidence of such knowledge is based on teaching the one who does not know and deterring the stubborn, as an honor for this soul over the soul of the one who does not have it, because there is no rule for the mind to take something as a means of bringing one closer to God. So the Messenger came from God and informed him. To say that, and to consider that, to conceal it within himself, to please him, and to teach and deter others, if he announces it, is that it is on the path of closeness to God, and in